邹志华
邹志华现在在美国加尔韦斯顿的得克萨斯大学医学分部工作。他是2005年离开西雅图，前往加尔韦斯顿任教的。1988年在中国广州的第一军医大学获得硕士学位。1997年，在日本大阪大学医学院获得博士学位后，邹志华到巴克在哈佛大学医学院的实验室做博士后。2002年，他又跟随巴克，前往弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心继续从事研究工作。
邹志华论文撤消风波
诺贝尔奖得主琳达·巴克及其合作者在2008年3月6日出版的英国《自然》杂志发表声明，宣布撤销六年前在该杂志上刊登的一篇论文。而来自中国的邹志华，则是该论文的共同第一作者。
作为美国弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的教授，2004年，琳达·巴克与理查德·阿克塞尔共同获得该年度的诺贝尔医学或生理学奖。后者是她在哥伦比亚大学做博士后研究时的导师。
2001年11月6日，巴克的研究组在《自然》杂志发表的一篇论文中称，开发出一种转基因小鼠模型，可以追踪大脑嗅觉皮层中的神经网络信息。作为研究组负责人，巴克是这篇论文的通讯作者，其实验室的邹志华和丽莎·霍洛维茨则是共同第一作者。
1988年，邹志华在广州第一军医大学获得硕士学位，后于1997年在日本大阪大学医学院获得博士学位，随后赴巴克实验室从事博士后研究。2002年，巴克实验室迁到西雅图的弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心，邹志华也随同前往。2005年，邹志华离开该实验室，开始在美国得克萨斯大学医学中心神经与细胞生物学系任教。
巴克在接受《自然》杂志采访时表示，“第一作者提供的图表数据，与(实验记录的)原始数据有矛盾之处，我们对论文的结果完全失去了信心。”在这份论文撤销声明中，邹志华被指证为“提供了所有的图表和数据”。《自然》杂志在其新闻报道中称，邹志华没有回应该杂志的询问。
据悉，哈佛大学医学院已组成一个专门的调查委员会，调查这篇论文的撤销过程。不仅如此，巴克还要求弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心评估邹志华作为主要作者在后来发表的另外两篇论文。
作为美国弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的教授，2004年，琳达·巴克与理查德·阿克塞尔共同获得该年度的诺贝尔医学或生理学奖。后者是她在哥伦比亚大学做博士后研究时的导师。
2001年11月6日，巴克的研究组在《自然》杂志发表的一篇论文中称，开发出一种转基因小鼠模型，可以追踪大脑嗅觉皮层中的神经网络信息。作为研究组负责人，巴克是这篇论文的通讯作者，其实验室的邹志华和丽莎·霍洛维茨则是共同第一作者。
1988年，邹志华在广州第一军医大学获得硕士学位，后于1997年在日本大阪大学医学院获得博士学位，随后赴巴克实验室从事博士后研究。2002年，巴克实验室迁到西雅图的弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心，邹志华也随同前往。2005年，邹志华离开该实验室，开始在美国得克萨斯大学医学中心神经与细胞生物学系任教。
巴克在接受《自然》杂志采访时表示，“第一作者提供的图表数据，与(实验记录的)原始数据有矛盾之处，我们对论文的结果完全失去了信心。”在这份论文撤销声明中，邹志华被指证为“提供了所有的图表和数据”。《自然》杂志在其新闻报道中称，邹志华没有回应该杂志的询问。
据悉，哈佛大学医学院已组成一个专门的调查委员会，调查这篇论文的撤销过程。不仅如此，巴克还要求弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心评估邹志华作为主要作者在后来发表的另外两篇论文。
据《自然》网站报道，由于对重现研究结果失去信心，诺贝尔奖获得者琳达·巴克（Linda Buck）于2010年撤销了两篇有关哺乳动物大脑研究的文章，一篇曾于2006年发表在《科学》（Science）杂志上，而另一篇于2005年发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》（PNAS）上。 据琳达·巴克所在的弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心发表的一份声明称，琳达·巴克及其同事“无法重现两篇文章中的关键结果”，“此外，他们发现在PNAS上发表的那篇文章中的图表与原始数据前后矛盾，因此巴克同时撤销了这两篇文章”。 这两篇文章的第一作者均为巴克课题组的一位博士后邹志华（Zhihua Zou音译），此前他与巴克合作的一篇同样以他为第一作者发表在2001年的《自然》杂志上的文章也因研究结果无法重现而被撤销。
Zhihua Zou, Ph.D.
• Bachelor of Medicine, First Military Medical University, China, 1980-1985
• Master of Science, First Military Medical University, China, 1985-1986
• Doctor of Philosophy, Osaka University, Japan, 1992-1997
• Post-Doctoral Training, Harvard Medical School, 1997-2001
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 2002-2005
We use molecular genetic approaches to study neuronal organizational patterns in the central nervous system. The human brain contains more than 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion neuronal connections. Mental activities emerge from the biological properties of the nerve cells and of their patterns of interconnection. Neurons with similar basic properties can play quite different roles because of the way they are connected with each other. A major focus of our lab is to use genetic neuronal markers and transneuronal tracers to investigate connectivity between brain neurons. Molecular genetic switches are then used to temporarily control the activity of identified neural circuits in order to understand their physiological functions. By these studies, we aim to understand how brain neurons are assembled into functional circuits, the relationship between different patterns of interconnection to different types of behavior, and how neurons and their connections change with experience.
Identification of functional neural circuits
To understand the neural bases of behaviors, we developed a bi-cistronic construct that expresses a transneuronal tracer (barley lectin, BL) and a neuronal marker (GFP-tetanus toxin fragment C fusion protein, GFP-TTC). When expressed in neurons, GFP-TTC fills the entire neuronal compartment, including dendrites and axons, and BL serves as a retro- as well as anterograde transneuronal tracer, allowing us to visualize the projections as well as the synaptic targets of specific groups of brain neurons. We use gene targeting and viral vectors to deliver these genetic molecular markers to subsets of neurons with distinct molecular identity. Moreover, we also generated a gene targeted mouse line whereby the expression of a short-lived GFP is dependent on neural activity, hence labeling behaviorally relevant neural circuits. Another construct expresses an ivermectin (IVM)-gated chloride channel from C. elegans (IVM-GluCl). Systematically administrating IVM reversibly suppresses excitability of neurons expressing IVM-GluCl, thus allowing us to investigate physiological functions of a particular neural circuit.
Odor and pheromone sensing
Animals, including houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and wild mice, rely heavily on odors and pheromones for individual survival and species extension. Understanding the unique odor and pheromone components that are relevant to specific biological activities will not only allow for analysis of the neural circuits underlying olfactory behaviors but also provide avenues to control the population size of pests. We are studying the sensory neurons and receptors that are activated by specific olfactory behaviors, which will aid in the identification of the odor and pheromone components. Meanwhile, we are also investigating how odor information is organized and processed in the brain to bring about specific odor perceptions and odor-evoked behavioral responses.
We have developed a gene-targeted mouse line to label odor- or behaviorally-activated olfactory sensory neurons and bulb glomeruli by GFP, which will allow us to identify the relevant odorant receptors. Identification of behaviorally-activated receptors is a necessary step for studies to screen different odor fractions and individual odor components to reveal the identity of biologically significant olfactory stimuli, to dissect the roles of different olfactory sub-systems in regulating specific olfactory behaviors, and to characterize how signals from these receptors are routed in the brain to regulate distinct behaviors.
A fundamental principle of sensory information coding is that sensory stimuli are first deconstructed into unitary neural signals in the periphery; progressive convergence of afferent inputs then generates cells with increasingly complex response properties. Each cell at a higher level surveys the activity of a group of cells at a lower level. The olfactory system resembles other sensory systems in that each odorant receptor recognizes a specific structural feature in individual odor molecules and thus each odorant or odor mix is encoded by multiple different odorant receptors. As olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same type of receptor project axons to the same glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, each bulb glomerulus represents a single type of receptor and each odor is encoded by activity in a specific combination of glomeruli, inputs of which may be integrated in cortical neurons to reconstruct an odor image in the brain. We are systematically investigating how the olfactory bulb is mapped onto the various regions of the olfactory cortex. Meanwhile, we are also interested in the functional implications of neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb and how odor information affects behaviors - such as fear, aggression and appetite.
Neural and Metabolic Control of Food Intake and Metabolism
Appetite and metabolism is tightly controlled by molecularly distinct subsets of neurons in the hypothalamus, which integrate neural (sensory, hedonic and cognitive) as well as hormonal signals to coordinate food intake and energy expenditure. We use viral vectors to express genetic markers and drug-controllable neuronal channels in specific groups of these neurons. These studies aim to map the neural circuits that stimulate or inhibit food intake and metabolism, and to reveal novel targets for treatment of obesity and eating disorders. In addition, peripheral tissues secret a variety of hormones that stimulate or suppress appetite. The levels of these hormones fluctuate according to energy availability. We are studying the molecular mechanisms by which peripheral tissues sense energy levels to control the secretion of these hormones.
Education
• Bachelor of Medicine, First Military Medical University, China, 1980-1985
• Master of Science, First Military Medical University, China, 1985-1986
• Doctor of Philosophy, Osaka University, Japan, 1992-1997
• Post-Doctoral Training, Harvard Medical School, 1997-2001
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 2002-2005
Research Interests
We use molecular genetic approaches to study neuronal organizational patterns in the central nervous system. The human brain contains more than 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion neuronal connections. Mental activities emerge from the biological properties of the nerve cells and of their patterns of interconnection. Neurons with similar basic properties can play quite different roles because of the way they are connected with each other. A major focus of our lab is to use genetic neuronal markers and transneuronal tracers to investigate connectivity between brain neurons. Molecular genetic switches are then used to temporarily control the activity of identified neural circuits in order to understand their physiological functions. By these studies, we aim to understand how brain neurons are assembled into functional circuits, the relationship between different patterns of interconnection to different types of behavior, and how neurons and their connections change with experience.
Identification of functional neural circuits
To understand the neural bases of behaviors, we developed a bi-cistronic construct that expresses a transneuronal tracer (barley lectin, BL) and a neuronal marker (GFP-tetanus toxin fragment C fusion protein, GFP-TTC). When expressed in neurons, GFP-TTC fills the entire neuronal compartment, including dendrites and axons, and BL serves as a retro- as well as anterograde transneuronal tracer, allowing us to visualize the projections as well as the synaptic targets of specific groups of brain neurons. We use gene targeting and viral vectors to deliver these genetic molecular markers to subsets of neurons with distinct molecular identity. Moreover, we also generated a gene targeted mouse line whereby the expression of a short-lived GFP is dependent on neural activity, hence labeling behaviorally relevant neural circuits. Another construct expresses an ivermectin (IVM)-gated chloride channel from C. elegans (IVM-GluCl). Systematically administrating IVM reversibly suppresses excitability of neurons expressing IVM-GluCl, thus allowing us to investigate physiological functions of a particular neural circuit.
Odor and pheromone sensing
Animals, including houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and wild mice, rely heavily on odors and pheromones for individual survival and species extension. Understanding the unique odor and pheromone components that are relevant to specific biological activities will not only allow for analysis of the neural circuits underlying olfactory behaviors but also provide avenues to control the population size of pests. We are studying the sensory neurons and receptors that are activated by specific olfactory behaviors, which will aid in the identification of the odor and pheromone components. Meanwhile, we are also investigating how odor information is organized and processed in the brain to bring about specific odor perceptions and odor-evoked behavioral responses.
We have developed a gene-targeted mouse line to label odor- or behaviorally-activated olfactory sensory neurons and bulb glomeruli by GFP, which will allow us to identify the relevant odorant receptors. Identification of behaviorally-activated receptors is a necessary step for studies to screen different odor fractions and individual odor components to reveal the identity of biologically significant olfactory stimuli, to dissect the roles of different olfactory sub-systems in regulating specific olfactory behaviors, and to characterize how signals from these receptors are routed in the brain to regulate distinct behaviors.
A fundamental principle of sensory information coding is that sensory stimuli are first deconstructed into unitary neural signals in the periphery; progressive convergence of afferent inputs then generates cells with increasingly complex response properties. Each cell at a higher level surveys the activity of a group of cells at a lower level. The olfactory system resembles other sensory systems in that each odorant receptor recognizes a specific structural feature in individual odor molecules and thus each odorant or odor mix is encoded by multiple different odorant receptors. As olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same type of receptor project axons to the same glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, each bulb glomerulus represents a single type of receptor and each odor is encoded by activity in a specific combination of glomeruli, inputs of which may be integrated in cortical neurons to reconstruct an odor image in the brain. We are systematically investigating how the olfactory bulb is mapped onto the various regions of the olfactory cortex. Meanwhile, we are also interested in the functional implications of neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb and how odor information affects behaviors - such as fear, aggression and appetite.
Neural and Metabolic Control of Food Intake and Metabolism
Appetite and metabolism is tightly controlled by molecularly distinct subsets of neurons in the hypothalamus, which integrate neural (sensory, hedonic and cognitive) as well as hormonal signals to coordinate food intake and energy expenditure. We use viral vectors to express genetic markers and drug-controllable neuronal channels in specific groups of these neurons. These studies aim to map the neural circuits that stimulate or inhibit food intake and metabolism, and to reveal novel targets for treatment of obesity and eating disorders. In addition, peripheral tissues secret a variety of hormones that stimulate or suppress appetite. The levels of these hormones fluctuate according to energy availability. We are studying the molecular mechanisms by which peripheral tissues sense energy levels to control the secretion of these hormones.
Recent Publications
Zou, Z. and Buck, L. Combinatorial Effects of Odorant Mixes in Olfactory Cortex. Science 311, 1477-1481, 2006
Boehm, U., Zou, Z., and Buck, L. Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction. Cell 123(4): 683-695, Nov. 18, 2005
Zou, Z., Li, F., Buck, L. Odor maps in the olfactory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (21), 7724-7729, 2005
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